Women's education and economic well-being

Evidence across regions in the world reveals patterns in school enrollment ratios and literacy that are divided along gender lines. In the developing world, apart from most countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, enrollment ratios of girls lag behind those for boys at all levels of education. Worldwide literacy rates for adult men far exceed those for women. While educational progress has been enjoyed by both sexes, these advances have failed to eradicate the gender gap. Education enhances labor market productivity and income growth for all, yet educating women has beneficial effects on social well-being not always measured by the market. Rising levels of education improve women's productivity in the home which in turn can increase family health, child survival, and the investment in children's human capital. The social benefits from women's education range from fostering economic growth to extending the average life expectancy in the population, to improving the functioning of political processes. This paper reviews recent empirical research that analyzes the benefits of women's education, describes the importance of women's education for country-level measures of economic development, and examines the implications of a gender gap in education for aggregate social well-being.     

制度竞争、文化资本与人的发展——基于经济转型的视角

制度竞争已经成为当今世界竞争的核心，文化资本在制度竞争中的地位和作用越来越重要。而文化资本中人的发展问题是根本。从当今经济转型来看，提升文化资本的竞争力，重要的是转型过程中制度安排要做到促进人的发展，包括确保公民享有基本权利、维护公平竞争以促进知识增长、制度建设要融合多文化因素等。     

从生态人看人的全面发展

生态人是指顺应生态发展规律,与自然环境和社会环境和谐共存并协同进化的人,是对自然人、经济人、社会人等假定的扬弃。生态人是人从＂片面独立的人＂向＂全面自由的人＂发展过程中的＂量中的部分质变＂,人的全面发展应把经济的视角与生态伦理的视角辩证地统一起来,坚持人的发展与自然的发展的统一,经济可持续发展与生态化价值目标的统一,经济可持续发展与环境保护、资源合理利用的统一。     

Globalization,employment relations and human resources indicators in ten developed market economies: international data sets

This paper provides statistical information on internationalization, human resources and labour market outcomes in ten important developed market economies (DMEs). Such data are useful for practitioners and academics who are interested in international HRM. The article's aim is to provide easily accessible statistical tables of selected characteristics, which can be used to draw initial comparisons between countries and to test competing accounts of the impact of globalization on national patterns of employment relations. It includes standard sources so readers can elaborate and update these data.     

China's economic growth and its real exchange rate

The shocks that underlie China's comparatively rapid growth include gains in productivity, factor accumulation and policy reforms that increase allocative efficiency. The well-known Balassa–Samuelson hypothesis links productivity growth in tradable industries with real appreciations. Yet it relies heavily on the law of one price applying for tradable goods, against which there is now considerable evidence. In its absence, other growth shocks also affect the real exchange rate by influencing relative supply or demand for home product varieties. This paper investigates the pre-conditions for the Balassa–Samuelson hypothesis to predict a real appreciation in the Chinese case. It then quantifies the links between all growth shocks and the Chinese real exchange rate using a dynamic model of the global economy with open capital accounts and full demographic underpinnings to labor supply. The results suggest that financial capital inflows most affect the real exchange rate in the short term, while differential productivity is strong in the medium term. Contrary to expectation, in the long term demographic forces prove to be weak relative to changes in the skill composition of the labor force, which enhances services sector performance and depreciates the real exchange rate.     

Doing Business in Vietnam

Abstract

As Vietnam opens up its economy through a series of economic reforms, entrepreneurs from both Western and Asian economies are flocking to the country to share in its rapid growth. In view of the growing foreign interest in conducting businesses in Vietnam, this paper attempts to provide an overview of the political, economic and business environments in the country. Although the country is full of opportunities, it may pose several problems and challenges to new players as well. Thus, this paper will further discuss the possible investment issues and challenges facing foreign companies which are considering venturing into Vietnam. Some cultural characteristics and operating rules during business interactions in Vietnam are discussed. Common mistakes committed by foreign companies entering the country are also highlighted. It is hoped that this paper will provide an in-depth understanding of the Vietnamese business environment and help improve the likelihood of the successful venture performance of international investors, thus benefiting both the foreign investor and the growth of Vietnam in the global marketplace.     

Economics: Its History,Themes, Approaches

This article is not concerned with “A Theory of Value” or “The Theory of Value.” It is strictly limited to a discussion of the concepts specified in its title and consists of three parts. The first of these is concerned with ideas of Charles Sanders Peirce and is based upon a study of his published and unpublished papers contained in the eight-volume edition of his Collected Works.¹ The second part is concerned with ideas of Clarence Ayres, primarily those presented in his Toward A Reasonable Society [Ayres 1961]. The third part contains some brief concluding remarks.     

A Meta-analysis of the Gender Gap in Performance in Collegiate Economics Courses

The conventional wisdom has been that men outperform otherwise equivalent women in collegiate economics courses. Recent work in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields documenting gains by women suggests that it is time to reevaluate the gender performance gap in economics. Surveying 68 studies containing 235 distinct regressions published since 1980, we find that 68.4% of regressions report men outperform women, though this is only statistically significant in 30.7% of regressions. Although the literature points to numerous reasons for this gap, our focus is on the effects of study design and the impact of broad socio-cultural changes over time. Using meta-regression analysis, we find that the likelihood of observing a statistically significant gap has declined noticeably, by almost 3% annually. Although the drop may not be as large as in some STEM fields, the result is highly robust to the specification of the time trend and the model.     

对提高地方国库现金管理质量的思考

随着中央国库现金管理业务的不断开展，地方政府也开始试水现代国库现金管理。但由于起步比较晚，地方国库现金管理仍存在国库现金收益较低、质量不高等一系列问题。为进一步提高地方国库现金管理质量，在分析地方国库现金管理现状和必要性的基础上，引入介绍西方国家用于预测国库现金最佳持有量的Miller—Orr模型，并对下一步怎样提高地方国库现金管理质量提出建议。     

论人的自由而全面的发展——社会主义民生和人民民主视角

随着改革开放和社会主义市场经济建设进入攻坚期,我国社会主义现代化建设进入战略机遇期,改善社会主义民生和扩大人民民主成为党和国家近年来进行中国特色社会主义事业建设中着力关注的问题。解决这两个问题,就必须认识到两者是一个整体,着力改善民生可以为扩大人民民主提供经济基础和社会基础;努力扩大人民民主可以为改善民生提供积极因素和政治保障;民生和人民民主的最高命题是＂人的自由而全面的发展＂。